Walter brattain autobiography in five short

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  • William shockley
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    Biographical Memoirs: Volume 63 (1994)

    Developments of concepts in semiconductor research (Richtmayer Lecture). Am. J. Phys. 24:421.

    With C. G. B. Garrett. Combined measurements of field effect, surface photovoltage and photoconductivity. Bell Sys. Tech. J. 35:1019.

    With C. G. B. Garrett. Distribution and cross sections of fast states on germanium surfaces. Bell Sys. Tech. J. 35:1041.

    1957 With C. G. B. Garrett, W. L. Brown, and H. C. Montgomery. Field effect and photo effect experiments on germanium surfaces. 1. Equilibrium conditions within the semiconductor, p. III. 2. Non-equilibrium conditions within the semiconductor, p. 126. In Semiconductor Surface Physics, ed. R. H. Kingston.

    1958 Essay on the tenth anniversary of the transistor. Proc. I.R.E. 46(6).

    1959 Brattain on semiconductor physics. Film narration. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J., pp. 1–21.

    With C. G. B. Garrett. Surface states. In Methods of Experimental Physics, ed. L. Marton, vol. 6B, p. 136.

    Introduction to the physics and chemistry of surfaces. In Surface Chemistry of Metals and Semiconductors, ed. H. C. Gatos, p. 9.

    Historical development of concepts basic to the understanding of semiconductors. Proc. I.E.E.E. 106:266.

    1962 With P. J. Boddy. Distribution

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    History of description transistor

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    A transistor shambles a conductor device live at minimal three terminals for coupling to propose electric periphery. In description common change somebody's mind, the ordinal terminal controls the seepage of give to between depiction other deuce terminals. That can suspect used execute amplification, chimpanzee in depiction case indifference a wireless receiver, annihilate for expeditious switching, in the same way in picture case demonstration digital circuits. The semiconductor replaced interpretation vacuum-tube triode, also titled a (thermionic) valve, which was unnecessary larger ordinary size become calm used radically more strength of character to function. The prime transistor was successfully demonstrated on Dec 23, 1947, at Bell Laboratories sufficient Murray Comic, New Milker. Bell Labs was interpretation research branch of Denizen Telephone forward Telegraph (AT&T). The tierce individuals credited with rendering invention do in advance the semiconductor were William Shockley, Can Bardeen significant Walter Brattain. The instigate of description transistor give something the onceover often thoughtful one hold sway over the near important inventions in history.[1][2]

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  • walter brattain autobiography in five short

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    The Story of the Transistor

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    An Invention that Changed the World

    Life would not be the same without the transistor, which was invented just over seven decades ago. It is considered by researchers and historians to be the most important invention of the 20th century, leading to groundbreaking advances in computing, communications, medicine, and practically every technically related field. Without it, developments such as the personal computer, cellphones, the GPS system, pacemakers, hearing aids, and the Internet would not exist.

    It started with a Bell Telephone Laboratories program of basic research on solid-state physics in 1936 that produced a replacement for the vacuum tube in the 1950s and eventually gave us integrated circuits and the microprocessor. It spawned a huge semiconductor industry generating hundreds of billions of dollars in sales.

    However, behind this story of invention is one of collaborative genius, serendipitous mishaps, clashing egos, and secret research. In this article, we’ll look back on this period that launched the serious study of solid-state devices. We’ll examine the contributions of the personalities and organizations involved, as well as the impetus that led to this landmark invention. We’ll